> The outside (or ‘edge’) of the occlupanid is often smooth, but many species sport palps, or tabs. These have unguessable purposes for mating, locomotion, defense, take your pick.
I propose that these palps or tabs are remnants of the reproductive cycle, vestigial points of contact in the budding process. This phenomenon can be observed in some other classes within phylum Plasticae, and I see no reason to assume it is not happening here.
This is where the morphological approach falls down. This is an "analogous trait", i.e. something that's arrived at through two independent evolutionary pathways.
These palps are due to a reproduction process called "stamping". Sounds violent, but that's nature for you. This is an asexual process. The tabs give an advantage to the overall clutch of young, not individuals.
There's a morphologically similar trait in other Plasticae that's the result of "injection moulding". This involves the mating of two (or sometimes more) parents. This method allows for the evolution of more complex features.
Overmoulding is also possible, which produces symbiotic organisms.
When I was a child, I remember going to the nearby children's museum and seeing an exhibit with 1 million bread tags. It was supposed to help conceptualize the number.
Well, if the ecological niches are the same there could be analogous developments that are not homologies. So I without a reconstruction of the environment I'm not certain that the proposed tree is valid.
In my experience, in natural environments that contain a vertical paper towel holder, Torqueroligiverasacculum Genera finds a nest and potential mating area underneath.
I distinctly remember seeing an exhibition of this work in Los Angeles in the early aughts. For the life of me I can't remember where. The photos were shot with a macro lens and blown up so that each specimen was ... 12" square? maybe bigger?
Even then there were dozens upon dozens of them on display. It was mind bending.
Hmm, if we're being really pedantic and go a step further, it becomes incorrect take: The text says parasitoids, which resemble parasites but probably aren't.
Much like how "asteroid samples" means rocks instead of hot plasma from stars (aster), or "android battery" doesn't mean something surgically cut out of an human man (andros).
>Parasitoidism is one of six major evolutionary strategies within parasitism, distinguished by the fatal prognosis for the host, which makes the strategy close to predation.
I've been getting listicle spam/ads with a CTA promising to reveal why you should always carry one of these in your wallet. To this day I never found out why that is!
In Australia they are occasionally used as a temporary fix for plastic sandals when the piece between your toes pulls through the base you can push it back through attach one of these around it on the bottom and it will hold long enough for you to get new ones.
Perhaps the species hasn't spread to your area of the world yet - where are you?
I'm familiar with them from Australia, where Orthogonidectes seems the most common, and was a helpful addition to our bread freshness as a child. However in northern Europe these days the same niche is occupied by an entirely different variant not present on this page, more akin to a twist-tie (metal covered in plastic, which bends.) Both kinds attach to the same location on the host bread bag, enclosing the mouth of the bag and helpfully holding bread in while preventing airflow. How fascinating to see the same niche, with a different alternative.
They're the American (perhaps other places) equivalent of the little wire ties, almost exclusively used for bread. They're supposed to be quick to close the bread bag back up but in my experience they're I'll equipped for that purpose as they either break or maul the plastic.
I thought they were commonplace until I moved outside the US; at least here in Germany I never see them.
As kids you'd break off one of the half-circle parts, stick it on your finger and flick it to make a makeshift ninja star.
I consider them a disposable freshness seal. After opening a new bag, I toss it out and just spin the bag real tight and tuck it under. The weight of the bread holds the twist.
It’s super effective but my wife isn’t a fan. Neither was my mom.
These used to be absolutely commonplace in the UK with Sunblest in particular, but also supermarket-baked bread, when I was a kid and then they largely disappeared. I haven’t seen one in maybe twenty five years, probably more, but I gather they have crept back into use in places.
Bread bags are pinched and taped, folded and over and taped, or (in the case of supermarket-baked bread) maybe taped paper if not actually simply folded.
Bread in the UK has improved so enormously in my lifetime that we have largely abandoned sci-fi long-life bread anyway, though Sunblest is still around for any quiet men the kids have given cheeky nicknames who are still saving up for a boat. We’ve also largely moved away from giant loaves of bread towards smaller loaves, but the bigger stuff increasingly seems to be sold in waxed paper anyway.
They were replaced by twist ties in the late 80s / early 90s, which in turn were replaced by tape fastenings fifteen or twenty years later - the main benefit of tape is that it can be recycled along with the bag.
As you say, the industrially-produced sliced white 800g loaf has fallen out of fashion in the UK, and only 20% of us will buy one in any given month. The market is consolidating as a result, with two of the three main providers (ABF and Hovis) in the process of merging.
It's one of those things that we don't really realise about ourselves — our bread is pretty good and our tastes in bread are actually quite grown-up. Kids eat a much, much more varied range of bread now.
And unlike, say, our transition to semi-skimmed milk, it doesn't seem to have really happened as a result of deliberate nudge theory; it's probably more down to cheap flights to the EU and exposure to European bread that people started to remember that our bread used to be varied, rustic and regional, and bakers found that there was demand for pre-Chorleywood breads.
Perhaps it happened simultaneously with our rediscovery of quality cheese.
Including our rejection of margarine, three mass-production uniform-food trends reversed over the same period.
ETA: I guess there was a bit of nudge theory regarding wholemeal bread — was it ever subsidised? Can't remember if margarine alternatives ever had subsidies.
They seem attracted to sliced bread in plastic bags here in the Nordics. They attach to the end of the bag so as to seal and hold it closed, regardless of the labeling on the bag.
There are some positive side effects to this, which is probably the reason we're so tolerant of their presence.
I’m pretty sure we have bread in plastic bags in Europe too. At least here in the less civilized regions. In these parts they’re usually the plastic-clad aluminum wire sort though.
I propose that these palps or tabs are remnants of the reproductive cycle, vestigial points of contact in the budding process. This phenomenon can be observed in some other classes within phylum Plasticae, and I see no reason to assume it is not happening here.
These palps are due to a reproduction process called "stamping". Sounds violent, but that's nature for you. This is an asexual process. The tabs give an advantage to the overall clutch of young, not individuals.
There's a morphologically similar trait in other Plasticae that's the result of "injection moulding". This involves the mating of two (or sometimes more) parents. This method allows for the evolution of more complex features.
Overmoulding is also possible, which produces symbiotic organisms.
Must be one of the most submitted pages. Is there a list?
Even then there were dozens upon dozens of them on display. It was mind bending.
Much like how "asteroid samples" means rocks instead of hot plasma from stars (aster), or "android battery" doesn't mean something surgically cut out of an human man (andros).
>Parasitoidism is one of six major evolutionary strategies within parasitism, distinguished by the fatal prognosis for the host, which makes the strategy close to predation.
I'm familiar with them from Australia, where Orthogonidectes seems the most common, and was a helpful addition to our bread freshness as a child. However in northern Europe these days the same niche is occupied by an entirely different variant not present on this page, more akin to a twist-tie (metal covered in plastic, which bends.) Both kinds attach to the same location on the host bread bag, enclosing the mouth of the bag and helpfully holding bread in while preventing airflow. How fascinating to see the same niche, with a different alternative.
I thought they were commonplace until I moved outside the US; at least here in Germany I never see them.
As kids you'd break off one of the half-circle parts, stick it on your finger and flick it to make a makeshift ninja star.
But I'm with you, friend. Occlupanida securing the primary containment vessels housing the partitioned units of bovine secretions, all the way!
It’s super effective but my wife isn’t a fan. Neither was my mom.
Bread bags are pinched and taped, folded and over and taped, or (in the case of supermarket-baked bread) maybe taped paper if not actually simply folded.
Bread in the UK has improved so enormously in my lifetime that we have largely abandoned sci-fi long-life bread anyway, though Sunblest is still around for any quiet men the kids have given cheeky nicknames who are still saving up for a boat. We’ve also largely moved away from giant loaves of bread towards smaller loaves, but the bigger stuff increasingly seems to be sold in waxed paper anyway.
So reusable sealing devices just seem silly.
As you say, the industrially-produced sliced white 800g loaf has fallen out of fashion in the UK, and only 20% of us will buy one in any given month. The market is consolidating as a result, with two of the three main providers (ABF and Hovis) in the process of merging.
And unlike, say, our transition to semi-skimmed milk, it doesn't seem to have really happened as a result of deliberate nudge theory; it's probably more down to cheap flights to the EU and exposure to European bread that people started to remember that our bread used to be varied, rustic and regional, and bakers found that there was demand for pre-Chorleywood breads.
Perhaps it happened simultaneously with our rediscovery of quality cheese.
Including our rejection of margarine, three mass-production uniform-food trends reversed over the same period.
ETA: I guess there was a bit of nudge theory regarding wholemeal bread — was it ever subsidised? Can't remember if margarine alternatives ever had subsidies.
We need to go back there.
There are some positive side effects to this, which is probably the reason we're so tolerant of their presence.
Sweden has a wire encased in plastic thing that crimps the opening shut instead.
Both types are re-usable at least for the expected lifetime of a loaf of bread.